1 00:00:00,979 --> 00:00:04,200 Hi, I am Bert Enserink your teacher in this course. 2 00:00:04,200 --> 00:00:08,580 In the previous step we filled out the matrix, distinguishing the critical and dedicated 3 00:00:08,580 --> 00:00:13,459 from the non-critical and non-dedicated actors; now we have to think about what we learn from 4 00:00:13,459 --> 00:00:14,879 these distinctions. 5 00:00:14,879 --> 00:00:20,359 Well, looking at the implications of our newly acquired insights we will have to look at 6 00:00:20,359 --> 00:00:23,339 three different aspects: The Problem formulation; 7 00:00:23,339 --> 00:00:28,259 is the problem indeed the right problem or do we have to reconsider the way it is phrased 8 00:00:28,259 --> 00:00:30,150 and framed? 9 00:00:30,150 --> 00:00:35,100 The Interaction with the other actors, who do we have to involve in what kind of activities? 10 00:00:35,210 --> 00:00:39,020 And what are the issues that may need further research, 11 00:00:39,020 --> 00:00:44,320 what are the possible research questions and activities? 12 00:00:44,320 --> 00:00:46,519 What are the consequences for the problem formulation? 13 00:00:46,519 --> 00:00:49,899 We can look at this issue in at least two different ways; 14 00:00:49,899 --> 00:00:54,359 by taking into account important concerns and issues and the means of our critical actors 15 00:00:54,359 --> 00:01:00,969 and secondly by taking these along in reconsidering the systems diagram. 16 00:01:00,969 --> 00:01:07,969 So we turn to our wind at sea case and we see that the important allies or economic 17 00:01:08,360 --> 00:01:14,150 affairs also want wind at sea, but they don't agree on the 'how'. 18 00:01:14,150 --> 00:01:20,000 Moreover we want that banks and investors get engaged and will start investing in windparks at sea. 19 00:01:20,710 --> 00:01:27,670 We also noticed that most opponents are non-critical, but they can cause delays and we should be 20 00:01:27,670 --> 00:01:32,400 careful not to offend the shipping industry and the important harbors, like Rotterdam. 21 00:01:33,140 --> 00:01:38,100 So for the Ministry of Economic Affairs it is important to look for locations that are 22 00:01:38,100 --> 00:01:44,610 near shore and not close to shipping lanes and it is important to share costs, 23 00:01:44,610 --> 00:01:50,670 to find investors and to safeguard subsidies. 24 00:01:50,670 --> 00:01:55,380 When we look at the systems diagram we see that the above insights imply that there will 25 00:01:55,380 --> 00:02:00,700 be a change in the policy measures; we will start looking for near shore options 26 00:02:00,700 --> 00:02:07,700 and there will be new financial means when we include the banks in our supporters network. 27 00:02:08,860 --> 00:02:14,100 The Interaction with the other actors, who do we have to involve in what kind of activities? 28 00:02:15,040 --> 00:02:18,900 Finding out who are your friends and foes will help you design a strategy for problem solving. 29 00:02:19,480 --> 00:02:23,390 It generates information on what coalitions might win the game; 30 00:02:23,390 --> 00:02:28,379 it shows you who are the competitors and with whom you might cooperate. 31 00:02:28,379 --> 00:02:33,140 And you can anticipate or even prevent potential conflicts! 32 00:02:33,140 --> 00:02:38,500 And of course you can make a process design that allows for sound and effective policy design. 33 00:02:39,349 --> 00:02:42,879 Let's take a side step at this latest subject: whom to involve? 34 00:02:42,879 --> 00:02:49,090 A nice way to determine whom to involve in what way is by returning to the power/interest grid. 35 00:02:50,269 --> 00:02:57,120 But you can also use "the" matrix with dedicated and critical actors that we showed you before. 36 00:02:57,120 --> 00:03:01,420 Typically in a power/interest grid we distinguish four categories of actors: 37 00:03:01,420 --> 00:03:05,319 1) the players who might have high power/the means and a high interest; 38 00:03:05,319 --> 00:03:08,219 2) the crowd with little or no means and low interest; 39 00:03:08,219 --> 00:03:13,920 3) the subjects who have a high interest only and 4) the context setters who have important 40 00:03:13,920 --> 00:03:16,650 means but little interest. 41 00:03:16,650 --> 00:03:21,829 Typically you try to actively involve the players and you try to keep the context setters 42 00:03:21,829 --> 00:03:25,489 satisfied because you may need them at a later moment. 43 00:03:25,489 --> 00:03:29,870 The crowd you ignore for now and the subjects you keep informed as they are the potential 44 00:03:29,870 --> 00:03:32,700 allies or opponents. 45 00:03:32,700 --> 00:03:34,840 That is something the future will learn. 46 00:03:34,840 --> 00:03:40,769 When we would fill out this power interest grid for our wind at sea case we will see 47 00:03:40,769 --> 00:03:44,109 the ministry of infrastructure and environment (I&E), 48 00:03:44,109 --> 00:03:49,319 TenneT and the Energy companies appearing in the players list with a + sign behind their 49 00:03:49,319 --> 00:03:54,829 names to indicate they are allies, while the Harbour authorities and Shipping 50 00:03:54,829 --> 00:03:59,090 sector are in the same quadrant with a minus sign, 51 00:03:59,090 --> 00:04:01,299 indicating they are opponents. 52 00:04:01,299 --> 00:04:04,810 In this way we can fill this schedule. 53 00:04:04,810 --> 00:04:08,359 Banks and Private equity show up as context setters. 54 00:04:08,359 --> 00:04:12,609 The subjects are environmental NGO's, NWEA, 55 00:04:12,609 --> 00:04:14,599 knowledge institutes, construction companies, 56 00:04:14,599 --> 00:04:18,000 windmill producers, Ministry of Econ Affairs (Fisheries) and the 57 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:20,790 Oil and Gas industry. 58 00:04:20,790 --> 00:04:27,790 The crowds than are formed by the Ministry I&M DG Environment & International, 59 00:04:28,440 --> 00:04:30,230 Ministry of Finance, the Provinces, 60 00:04:30,230 --> 00:04:32,760 Dredging companies and Local authorities. 61 00:04:32,760 --> 00:04:36,110 They can be ignored for now. 62 00:04:36,110 --> 00:04:42,840 Finally, what might be the consequences for organising our research activities? 63 00:04:42,840 --> 00:04:49,100 Well, you may have found new parties, whose objectives and means might need to be explored. 64 00:04:49,310 --> 00:04:53,280 You found new factors in the system, which are influencing the outcome or discovered 65 00:04:53,280 --> 00:04:59,540 new relations between factors that impact the outcome and which need further study. 66 00:04:59,540 --> 00:05:04,060 Your new insights may lead to adaptation of the system and its delineation, 67 00:05:04,060 --> 00:05:08,540 which requires new modelling, while new issues that you discovered with 68 00:05:08,540 --> 00:05:15,200 other actors and new coalitions pressing for different solutions may spur the need for 69 00:05:15,200 --> 00:05:19,390 additional research too. 70 00:05:19,390 --> 00:05:25,500 Finally I want to look at the limitations. 71 00:05:25,500 --> 00:05:31,440 I want to warn you that doing this kind of actor network studies and the sustainability 72 00:05:31,440 --> 00:05:34,930 of the outcomes of these analyses, can be problematic. 73 00:05:34,930 --> 00:05:38,720 There are limitations of actor analyses. 74 00:05:38,720 --> 00:05:44,250 The first thing you should realise is that you are making a snapshot in time. 75 00:05:44,250 --> 00:05:47,800 Actor networks and the relation between actors are dynamic. 76 00:05:47,800 --> 00:05:54,250 Moreover people and parties change position as they get new insights and they do so by 77 00:05:54,250 --> 00:05:57,990 learning both about the content of problems but also by learning about the perspectives 78 00:05:57,990 --> 00:06:01,690 and motives of other actors in the network. 79 00:06:01,690 --> 00:06:07,770 A danger of making these tables is that these tables and graphs are abused for polarization, 80 00:06:07,770 --> 00:06:14,770 explicating the points of difference and conflicts, and not focusing on how to bridge these differences. 81 00:06:14,910 --> 00:06:19,140 There is a severe risk of 'self-fulfilling prophecy', 82 00:06:19,140 --> 00:06:23,940 especially with classification of opponents; once you are considered an opponent, 83 00:06:23,940 --> 00:06:28,980 you will remain an opponent and little constructive dialogue is possible. 84 00:06:28,980 --> 00:06:34,930 Finally ethical considerations, they may be lost with a strategic focus on 85 00:06:34,930 --> 00:06:36,540 'critical' actors. 86 00:06:36,540 --> 00:06:41,390 You don't look at the actors with limited resources. 87 00:06:41,390 --> 00:06:46,900 The fact that local inhabitants or environmental NGO's have few resources does not mean that 88 00:06:46,900 --> 00:06:49,420 their concerns are not justified. 89 00:06:49,420 --> 00:06:54,420 I now try to summarize what we have learned in this second part of the lectures on how 90 00:06:54,420 --> 00:06:56,890 to do an actor network analysis. 91 00:06:56,890 --> 00:07:02,990 We looked at how to analyse their (inter-)dependencies by focusing at their resources and their willingness 92 00:07:02,990 --> 00:07:07,480 to use these resources, their dedication to solve this issue or problem. 93 00:07:07,480 --> 00:07:13,120 In that way we were able to distinguish the so-called critical actors. 94 00:07:13,120 --> 00:07:18,030 We introduced to you the matrix in which we distinguished the dedicated critical actors 95 00:07:18,030 --> 00:07:21,870 from the non-dedicated ones and the non-critical ones. 96 00:07:21,870 --> 00:07:27,500 We also discussed how we can use these insights in the way we deal with different kind of actors; 97 00:07:27,500 --> 00:07:32,270 how we do or do not involve them in our process 98 00:07:32,270 --> 00:07:37,590 and we discussed how this knowledge impacts your understanding of the problem situation. 99 00:07:37,590 --> 00:07:43,230 Finally we discussed the dangers and limitations of making this kind of actor network inventories; 100 00:07:43,230 --> 00:07:48,030 the snap-shot character and the danger of self-fulfilling prophecies.