1
00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:11,000
Welcome to this lecture on actor- and network analysis.

2
00:00:08,200 --> 00:00:14,200
 

3
00:00:08,201 --> 00:00:14,201
My name is Bert Enserink and I will be your teacher on this subject.

4
00:00:12,001 --> 00:00:18,001
 

5
00:00:12,002 --> 00:00:18,002
These colourful pictures behind me are maps representing social networks;

6
00:00:16,402 --> 00:00:22,402
 

7
00:00:16,403 --> 00:00:22,403
one shows you the structure of a network of websites that refer to each other

8
00:00:21,003 --> 00:00:27,003
 

9
00:00:21,004 --> 00:00:27,004
and the other shows us the pattern of sexual relations in a group of people.

10
00:00:25,004 --> 00:00:31,004
 

11
00:00:25,005 --> 00:00:31,005
Nowadays these maps are quite popular; for instance on LinkedIn you can create a map of your own social network

12
00:00:31,805 --> 00:00:37,805
 

13
00:00:31,806 --> 00:00:37,806
and there are nice Apps to make such a network map of all your friends on Facebook.

14
00:00:36,306 --> 00:00:42,306
 

15
00:00:36,307 --> 00:00:42,307
Your Facebook map is for fun but these are serious applications too.

16
00:00:40,807 --> 00:00:46,807
 

17
00:00:41,608 --> 00:00:47,608
Knowing how these networks look like may be helpful in explaining for instance why some websites are more successful than others

18
00:00:49,808 --> 00:00:55,808
 

19
00:00:49,809 --> 00:00:55,809
or how a venereal disease spreads in a population, and the latter may help you to design a smart campaign to cap the spread of gonorrhea.

20
00:00:58,809 --> 00:01:04,809
 

21
00:00:58,810 --> 00:01:04,810
These kind of maps thus can be of interest for policy making; you might map who are involved in the offshore industry;

22
00:01:06,710 --> 00:01:12,710
 

23
00:01:06,711 --> 00:01:12,711
who are influencing the European banking crises or to determine which persons are most influential in the various board of supervisory directors.

24
00:01:14,611 --> 00:01:20,611
 

25
00:01:14,612 --> 00:01:20,612
In this part of the course we will learn what actor analysis is about, why you do it and how to do it in a structured way.

26
00:01:23,112 --> 00:01:29,112
 

27
00:01:23,113 --> 00:01:29,113
We will first discuss WHAT actor network analyses are and WHY we make them.

28
00:01:28,313 --> 00:01:34,313
 

29
00:01:28,314 --> 00:01:34,314
Then, I will walk you through the six steps needed to execute a full-blown actor network analysis.

30
00:01:33,414 --> 00:01:39,414
 

31
00:01:33,415 --> 00:01:39,415
Now, when watching this lecture consider yourself to be a consultant

32
00:01:38,315 --> 00:01:44,315
 

33
00:01:38,316 --> 00:01:44,316
who is going to apply this method for mapping and analyzing the network surrounding your case.

34
00:01:43,316 --> 00:01:49,316
 

35
00:01:43,317 --> 00:01:49,317
Think about what you want to remember later; make notes of what you think are the most important elements.

36
00:01:50,017 --> 00:01:56,017
 

37
00:01:56,418 --> 00:02:02,418
We, people, are "social animals"; peole and groups of people operate in networks;

38
00:02:04,818 --> 00:02:10,818
 

39
00:02:04,819 --> 00:02:10,819
we relate to other people and other groups because most of today's problems in society

40
00:02:09,619 --> 00:02:15,619
 

41
00:02:09,620 --> 00:02:15,620
cannot be solved by a single person, by a single actor; they are too complex.

42
00:02:14,320 --> 00:02:20,320
 

43
00:02:14,321 --> 00:02:20,321
In order to solve these problems, we need to cooperate. We are interdependent.

44
00:02:19,921 --> 00:02:25,921
 

45
00:02:19,922 --> 00:02:25,922
Governments for instance need the private sector to implement effective policies;

46
00:02:23,522 --> 00:02:29,522
 

47
00:02:23,523 --> 00:02:29,523
and the private sector needs the government for regulating the markets, which they are operating in.

48
00:02:30,023 --> 00:02:36,023
 

49
00:02:30,424 --> 00:02:36,424
But often we are not aware of the networks we are operating in;

50
00:02:33,624 --> 00:02:39,624
 

51
00:02:33,625 --> 00:02:39,625
the social fabric of the company or organization we are working in,

52
00:02:37,325 --> 00:02:43,325
 

53
00:02:37,326 --> 00:02:43,326
the people inside and outside our organization we need to get things done,

54
00:02:41,926 --> 00:02:47,926
 

55
00:02:41,927 --> 00:02:47,927
but if you make these linkages and these dependencies explicit , you can use

56
00:02:49,627 --> 00:02:55,627
 

57
00:02:49,628 --> 00:02:55,628
the power and the means of the people and the organizations in your network to get things done,

58
00:02:54,828 --> 00:03:00,828
 

59
00:02:54,829 --> 00:03:00,829
and you can think about strategies to prevent that other actors with different objectives obstruct your plans.

60
00:03:01,329 --> 00:03:07,329
 

61
00:03:01,330 --> 00:03:07,330
So, knowing more about the actors and the networks in which they operate helps you to:

62
00:03:07,630 --> 00:03:13,630
 

63
00:03:07,631 --> 00:03:13,631
Improve the quality of your analysis as you can tap on the wisdom of the crowds and exploit local knowledge.

64
00:03:14,531 --> 00:03:20,531
 

65
00:03:14,532 --> 00:03:20,532
Get better solutions as talking to more people means getting more different ideas, different opinions.

66
00:03:22,432 --> 00:03:28,432
 

67
00:03:22,433 --> 00:03:28,433
We gain insights in conflicts between parties and in opportunities and threats.

68
00:03:27,133 --> 00:03:33,133
 

69
00:03:27,534 --> 00:03:33,534
We may gain support for policy implementation as we learn who else wants the problem to be solved,

70
00:03:34,434 --> 00:03:40,434
 

71
00:03:34,435 --> 00:03:40,435
who else has means we might use to solve it and because engaged people feel responsible.

72
00:03:40,535 --> 00:03:46,535
 

73
00:03:40,536 --> 00:03:46,536
And there is a normative argument too as involving people in policy decisions affecting them

74
00:03:46,536 --> 00:03:52,536
 

75
00:03:46,537 --> 00:03:52,537
is a matter of good governance and these are democratic concerns.

76
00:03:50,837 --> 00:03:56,837
 

77
00:03:54,538 --> 00:04:00,538
By now, we already used some terms that need better definition, therefore you should remember the following:

78
00:04:02,838 --> 00:04:08,838
 

79
00:04:02,839 --> 00:04:08,839
'Actors' we define as "social entities that have an interest in a system,

80
00:04:08,439 --> 00:04:14,439
 

81
00:04:08,440 --> 00:04:14,440
and/or have some ability to influence that system"

82
00:04:12,540 --> 00:04:18,540
 

83
00:04:12,541 --> 00:04:18,541
Actors are often groups and organizations, but also (important) individuals can be considered as actors.

84
00:04:20,941 --> 00:04:26,941
 

85
00:04:20,942 --> 00:04:26,942
Networks are more or less stable patterns of social relations between actors,

86
00:04:27,242 --> 00:04:33,242
 

87
00:04:27,243 --> 00:04:33,243
and in this course we will focus on networks that take shape around policy problems or programmes.

88
00:04:35,043 --> 00:04:41,043
 

89
00:04:35,044 --> 00:04:41,044
So, WHY actor analysis?

90
00:04:40,944 --> 00:04:46,944
 

91
00:04:40,945 --> 00:04:46,945
I will show you one example to illustrate why actor analysis can be important -

92
00:04:45,345 --> 00:04:51,345
 

93
00:04:45,346 --> 00:04:51,346
in this case for the oil company Shell,

94
00:04:47,846 --> 00:04:53,846
 

95
00:04:47,847 --> 00:04:53,847
who in the 90ties of the past century wanted to dispose of an old oil rig,

96
00:04:52,947 --> 00:04:58,947
 

97
00:04:52,948 --> 00:04:58,948
or in fact a huge buoy that had been used for storing crude North Sea oil and which would be sunk into the deep sea

98
00:05:01,148 --> 00:05:07,148
 

99
00:05:01,149 --> 00:05:07,149
as extensive studies had shown that deep sea disposal would be the most environmental friendly option.

100
00:05:07,249 --> 00:05:13,249
 

101
00:05:07,250 --> 00:05:13,250
But Shell had not been very attentive to other actors who were opposed to this solution

102
00:05:12,350 --> 00:05:18,350
 

103
00:05:12,351 --> 00:05:18,351
and were able to mobilize their network to support a very different solution.

104
00:05:17,351 --> 00:05:23,351
 

105
00:05:17,652 --> 00:05:23,652
Yes, it is an old case , but it is a classical and clear example of a simple project going wrong

106
00:05:23,652 --> 00:05:29,652
 

107
00:05:23,653 --> 00:05:29,653
for neglecting other actors in a policy game.

108
00:05:26,553 --> 00:05:32,553
 

109
00:05:26,554 --> 00:05:32,554
Watch this one minute video (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVSgmvpWp3s) and you will see what happened.

110
00:05:30,454 --> 00:05:36,454
 

111
00:05:30,455 --> 00:05:36,455
It is in Dutch but the images are telling the message.

112
00:05:34,255 --> 00:05:40,255
 

113
00:05:34,256 --> 00:05:40,256
In 1995, Greenpeace portested against Shell's intention to dump the oil platform Brent Spar into the sea.

114
00:05:43,556 --> 00:05:49,556
 

115
00:05:43,557 --> 00:05:49,557
Because of Greenpeace's protest, Shell was put under pressure by the public opinion.

116
00:05:49,457 --> 00:05:55,457
 

117
00:05:54,558 --> 00:06:00,558
A long possesion of the Brent Spar by Greenpeace ensued on sea.

118
00:05:59,558 --> 00:06:05,558
 

119
00:06:10,259 --> 00:06:16,259
Ultimately, this led to Shell changing its decision of dumping the Brent Spar to dismantle and recycle it.

120
00:06:16,859 --> 00:06:22,859
 

121
00:06:20,860 --> 00:06:26,860
Due to this event, the dumping of other old oil rigs in sea was prevented.

122
00:06:27,060 --> 00:06:33,060
 

123
00:06:35,161 --> 00:06:41,161
So, what happened?

124
00:06:36,561 --> 00:06:42,561
 

125
00:06:36,562 --> 00:06:42,562
Well, the Brent Spar was an oil storage buoy (platform and reservoir) for holding crude oil for oil tankers

126
00:06:44,562 --> 00:06:50,562
 

127
00:06:44,563 --> 00:06:50,563
prior to the construction of an oil pipe line connecting the oil field to the main land.

128
00:06:48,763 --> 00:06:54,763
 

129
00:06:49,264 --> 00:06:55,264
The Brent Spar was jointly owned by Shell Oil and Exxon,

130
00:06:52,664 --> 00:06:58,664
 

131
00:06:52,665 --> 00:06:58,665
but Shell UK was responsible for the decommissioning. Preparations for decommissioning started in 1992.

132
00:07:00,865 --> 00:07:06,865
 

133
00:07:01,466 --> 00:07:07,466
The Brent Spar was located in British territorial waters of a depth greater than 75 meters

134
00:07:07,466 --> 00:07:13,466
 

135
00:07:07,467 --> 00:07:13,467
and weighed more than 14,500 tons. What to do with such a huge structure?

136
00:07:14,067 --> 00:07:20,067
 

137
00:07:14,068 --> 00:07:20,068
Well, Shell commissioned no fewer than 30 separate studies to consider the technical, safety

138
00:07:19,868 --> 00:07:25,868
 

139
00:07:19,869 --> 00:07:25,869
and environmental implications of disposal resulting in four possible options:

140
00:07:26,269 --> 00:07:32,269
 

141
00:07:26,270 --> 00:07:32,270
One is Disposal on land, second is Sinking the buoy at its current location (acceptable by IMO guidelines),

142
00:07:32,370 --> 00:07:38,370
 

143
00:07:32,371 --> 00:07:38,371
the third one Decomposition of the buoy on the spot, or,

144
00:07:36,271 --> 00:07:42,271
 

145
00:07:36,272 --> 00:07:42,272
Deep-sea dumping in depth greater than 2,000 meters within U.K. territorial waters.

146
00:07:40,972 --> 00:07:46,972
 

147
00:07:40,973 --> 00:07:46,973
After considering these options, with their risks and benefits, Shell concluded that only

148
00:07:46,573 --> 00:07:52,573
 

149
00:07:46,574 --> 00:07:52,574
On land disposal and Sinking in the deep sea were viable.

150
00:07:50,274 --> 00:07:56,274
 

151
00:07:50,275 --> 00:07:56,275
The other options were judged as unfeasible or environmentally harmful.

152
00:07:54,475 --> 00:08:00,475
 

153
00:07:54,476 --> 00:08:00,476
Deep sea dumping became Shell's choice

154
00:07:58,776 --> 00:08:04,776
 

155
00:07:58,777 --> 00:08:04,777
because of the relatively low cost and of the small environmental impact.

156
00:08:03,577 --> 00:08:09,577
 

157
00:08:03,578 --> 00:08:09,578
It was the best practical environmental option (BPEO) in the environmental impact assessment.

158
00:08:09,578 --> 00:08:15,578
 

159
00:08:09,579 --> 00:08:15,579
On land was estimated to cost four times more and present a high risk (six times higher) for workers.

160
00:08:16,079 --> 00:08:22,079
 

161
00:08:16,080 --> 00:08:22,080
So, Shell got permission to dispose of the Brent Spar through deep-sea sinking

162
00:08:22,880 --> 00:08:28,880
 

163
00:08:22,881 --> 00:08:28,881
from the U.K. Department of Trade and Industry in December 1994.

164
00:08:26,981 --> 00:08:32,981
 

165
00:08:26,982 --> 00:08:32,982
The decision was published and no other nation objected.

166
00:08:30,282 --> 00:08:36,282
 

167
00:08:30,283 --> 00:08:36,283
So, accordingly, the U.K. issued the disposal license authorizing deep-sea sinking of the Brent Spar.

168
00:08:38,883 --> 00:08:44,883
 

169
00:08:40,084 --> 00:08:46,084
But, before the disposal could be accomplished, Greenpeace activists and journalists (23 in total)

170
00:08:44,984 --> 00:08:50,984
 

171
00:08:44,985 --> 00:08:50,985
occupied the Brent Spar on April 30, 1995.

172
00:08:48,285 --> 00:08:54,285
 

173
00:08:49,186 --> 00:08:55,186
Shell security personnel and the Scottish police were dispatched to remove the protestors.

174
00:08:53,886 --> 00:08:59,886
 

175
00:08:53,887 --> 00:08:59,887
That was not easy as Greenpeace activists attached themselves to Brent Spar as you have sene in the movie.

176
00:09:00,187 --> 00:09:06,187
 

177
00:09:00,188 --> 00:09:06,188
The media predominantly supported Greenpeace in its coverage: One should not spoil our seas!

178
00:09:05,988 --> 00:09:11,988
 

179
00:09:05,989 --> 00:09:11,989
Greenpeace activists were portrayed as heroes defending the environment, fighting Shell and the U.K at sea.

180
00:09:13,989 --> 00:09:19,989
 

181
00:09:16,090 --> 00:09:22,090
Greenpeace, with the support of other actors in their network, like nature conservation groups,

182
00:09:22,490 --> 00:09:28,490
 

183
00:09:22,491 --> 00:09:28,491
mobilized an effective consumer boycott of Shell gasoline stations in Germany, Holland, and parts of Scandinavia.

184
00:09:29,191 --> 00:09:35,191
 

185
00:09:29,192 --> 00:09:35,192
In Germany, Shell gasoline sales declined by 20%

186
00:09:32,892 --> 00:09:38,892
 

187
00:09:32,893 --> 00:09:38,893
and fifty gas stations were vandalized, two were even fire bombed by activists.

188
00:09:37,293 --> 00:09:43,293
 

189
00:09:38,594 --> 00:09:44,594
Shell Germany and Shell Netherlands, feeling the pressure of the boycott, publicly criticized Shell U.K.

190
00:09:44,994 --> 00:09:50,994
 

191
00:09:44,995 --> 00:09:50,995
and the U.K. government and questioned the disposal decision.

192
00:09:49,495 --> 00:09:55,495
 

193
00:09:49,496 --> 00:09:55,496
Even the German environmental and agricultural ministries protested against the U.K government,

194
00:09:55,896 --> 00:10:01,896
 

195
00:09:55,897 --> 00:10:01,897
claiming that the land disposal option had not been adequately investigated.

196
00:09:59,997 --> 00:10:05,997
 

197
00:10:03,698 --> 00:10:09,698
The story continues: On June 16, 1995, the Brent Spar was again occupied by Greenpeace activists

198
00:10:12,398 --> 00:10:18,398
 

199
00:10:12,399 --> 00:10:18,399
who boarded it from a helicopter as it was being readied for transport.

200
00:10:17,399 --> 00:10:23,399
 

201
00:10:17,400 --> 00:10:23,400
A Shell tugboat sprayed other Greenpeace activists with water

202
00:10:21,000 --> 00:10:27,000
 

203
00:10:21,001 --> 00:10:27,001
as they attempted to board Brent Spar from boats in an attempt to keep them away.

204
00:10:24,801 --> 00:10:30,801
 

205
00:10:24,802 --> 00:10:30,802
Pictures of Greenpeace activists, like the ones in the movie, braving the assault of water cannons

206
00:10:30,502 --> 00:10:36,502
 

207
00:10:30,503 --> 00:10:36,503
adorned the front pages of newspapers throughout the world.

208
00:10:33,503 --> 00:10:39,503
 

209
00:10:33,504 --> 00:10:39,504
At this point, Greenpeace made claims regarding their scientific analysis

210
00:10:38,304 --> 00:10:44,304
 

211
00:10:38,305 --> 00:10:44,305
of the contents of the storage tanks on the Brent Spar,

212
00:10:40,605 --> 00:10:46,605
 

213
00:10:40,606 --> 00:10:46,606
stating that there were large quantities of heavy metals and other highly toxic organic materials present

214
00:10:46,206 --> 00:10:52,206
 

215
00:10:46,207 --> 00:10:52,207
and that Shell had failed to declare in their analyses.

216
00:10:50,407 --> 00:10:56,407
 

217
00:10:50,408 --> 00:10:56,408
On June 20, 1995, only hours before the scheduled disposal of Brent Spar,

218
00:10:55,108 --> 00:11:01,108
 

219
00:10:55,109 --> 00:11:01,109
Shell announced that it was calling off the deep-sea sinking option.

220
00:10:59,509 --> 00:11:05,509
 

221
00:11:00,610 --> 00:11:06,610
Well, behind me you can see how the story ended: Shell towed off the Spar to a Norwegian fjord.

222
00:11:07,010 --> 00:11:13,010
 

223
00:11:07,111 --> 00:11:13,111
As an act of restoration and governance, it organized a design contest

224
00:11:11,311 --> 00:11:17,311
 

225
00:11:11,312 --> 00:11:17,312
at European universities to think up a practical solution and for generation of social support.

226
00:11:17,412 --> 00:11:23,412
 

227
00:11:17,413 --> 00:11:23,413
In the end the walls of the buoy were used as quays in a Norwegian off shore harbor.

228
00:11:23,013 --> 00:11:29,013
 

229
00:11:23,014 --> 00:11:29,014
And the claims by Greenpeace about the contamination and heavy metals inside the buoy prooved to be false

230
00:11:29,214 --> 00:11:35,214
 

231
00:11:29,215 --> 00:11:35,215
and the environmental and health impact of the on-land decommissioning was indeed considerable.

232
00:11:34,177 --> 00:11:40,177
 

233
00:11:35,078 --> 00:11:41,078
What do we learn from the story:

234
00:11:37,778 --> 00:11:43,778
 

235
00:11:37,779 --> 00:11:43,779
Well, (1): Communication is essential.

236
00:11:45,479 --> 00:11:51,479
 

237
00:11:45,480 --> 00:11:51,480
(2) You should not ignore your opponents.

238
00:11:47,880 --> 00:11:53,880
 

239
00:11:47,881 --> 00:11:53,881
And (3) the Mobilization power of parties can be very effective to change things.

240
00:11:53,581 --> 00:11:59,581
 

241
00:11:53,582 --> 00:11:59,582
Maybe this all could have been prevented if Shell had paid due attention to the social environment it was operating in

242
00:12:01,382 --> 00:12:07,382
 

243
00:12:01,383 --> 00:12:07,383
and had taken along the concerns of their opponents from the start of the process.

244
00:12:05,583 --> 00:12:11,583
 

245
00:12:05,584 --> 00:12:11,584
And maybe if it had organized its decision process differently.

246
00:12:10,784 --> 00:12:16,784
 

247
00:12:10,785 --> 00:12:16,785
But this is all hindsight. The general message is: know your playing field,

248
00:12:15,885 --> 00:12:21,885
 

249
00:12:15,886 --> 00:12:21,886
beware of the concerns and issues of other actors and keep them in mind when you design your policies

250
00:12:21,186 --> 00:12:27,186
 

251
00:12:21,187 --> 00:12:27,187
and try to create support for your plans and policies.

252
00:12:24,287 --> 00:12:30,287
 

253
00:12:24,888 --> 00:12:30,888
Well, how to explore and map these social and political playing fields for policy making

254
00:12:29,788 --> 00:12:35,788
 

255
00:12:29,789 --> 00:12:35,789
is exactly what we will learn to do in this part of the course.

256
00:12:34,289 --> 00:12:40,289