1 00:00:07,799 --> 00:00:08,420 Hello! 2 00:00:08,420 --> 00:00:09,759 I am Geert Deconinck. 3 00:00:09,759 --> 00:00:11,799 Welcome at the University of Leuven. 4 00:00:11,800 --> 00:00:15,219 I am going to talk to you about Smart Grids. 5 00:00:15,219 --> 00:00:17,510 Smart Grids, electric power systems, 6 00:00:17,510 --> 00:00:20,310 they exist for more than a 100 years already. 7 00:00:20,310 --> 00:00:25,640 Components of different generations fit together and have to inter-operate, 8 00:00:25,650 --> 00:00:30,070 have to work together, into one smooth smart grid. 9 00:00:30,320 --> 00:00:33,900 I will introduce to you the smart grid reference architecture model (SGAM) as a conceptual 10 00:00:33,910 --> 00:00:38,630 framework that allows you to design a better smart grid, 11 00:00:38,630 --> 00:00:42,790 working smoothly together for the future. 12 00:00:42,920 --> 00:00:44,900 Welcome back in this web lecture. 13 00:00:44,920 --> 00:00:50,180 I am going to present to you the smart grid reference architecture model as a conceptual 14 00:00:50,190 --> 00:00:56,839 framework that allows different actors in the smart grid to discuss about smart grid 15 00:00:56,839 --> 00:00:58,699 applications. 16 00:00:58,700 --> 00:01:02,980 Different designs can be discussed, different implementation options can be discussed, 17 00:01:02,980 --> 00:01:04,711 and so on. 18 00:01:05,560 --> 00:01:08,420 You have learned about smart grids in other sessions. 19 00:01:08,500 --> 00:01:13,120 Smart grid applications exist in many different flavors and tastes. 20 00:01:13,120 --> 00:01:20,660 You have a number of monitoring applications, metering data from the smart grid to the grid 21 00:01:20,660 --> 00:01:24,350 actor actors, aggregating information about profiles, 22 00:01:24,350 --> 00:01:29,130 profiling particular customers, analyzing the power quality, etc. 23 00:01:29,550 --> 00:01:33,870 And besides of monitoring applications you also have a lot of control applications. 24 00:01:33,870 --> 00:01:38,690 Control applications can have to do with controlling the grid – secondary, 25 00:01:39,120 --> 00:01:43,030 tertiary control about the voltage settings, 26 00:01:43,040 --> 00:01:46,720 about the most economic power plants that are running. 27 00:01:47,120 --> 00:01:50,340 It can be about reconfiguring the topology of the grid. 28 00:01:50,700 --> 00:01:54,260 It can be about protecting it, refuses and the like. 29 00:01:54,620 --> 00:01:58,380 It can be about mitigating power quality problems. 30 00:01:58,390 --> 00:02:03,410 Besides grid control applications, we also have the control of the generation 31 00:02:03,410 --> 00:02:04,890 of electricity. 32 00:02:06,000 --> 00:02:13,099 If there is a lot of demand to electricity you can start up additional supply of electricity. 33 00:02:13,099 --> 00:02:19,030 You can start up a coupled heat power plant for instance or combined heat power plant 34 00:02:19,030 --> 00:02:25,270 when there is a need for electricity not only when there is a need for heat. 35 00:02:25,270 --> 00:02:30,120 Besides generation and grid control, there could also be storage control. 36 00:02:30,120 --> 00:02:32,280 For instance if you have batteries in the grid 37 00:02:32,280 --> 00:02:38,870 when there is surplus of electricity produced you can store it locally and then use it later 38 00:02:38,870 --> 00:02:42,030 when there is a shortage. 39 00:02:42,030 --> 00:02:46,160 A lot of smart grid applications have to deal with demand control, 40 00:02:46,160 --> 00:02:47,500 load control. 41 00:02:47,500 --> 00:02:51,320 Loads could be startups, stops, 42 00:02:51,700 --> 00:02:57,580 dimmed, whenever there is a different variation in 43 00:02:57,590 --> 00:02:59,170 the supply of the electricity. 44 00:02:59,620 --> 00:03:03,620 In this way you can do supply demand matching, 45 00:03:03,630 --> 00:03:05,540 You can match the demand to the supply. 46 00:03:05,540 --> 00:03:09,060 If there’s a lot of sun, you’re going to use the electricity at the 47 00:03:09,060 --> 00:03:10,000 same moment. 48 00:03:10,520 --> 00:03:14,120 You can shave the peaks if you have load control. 49 00:03:14,120 --> 00:03:18,560 That means that if there’s a lot of electricity used, 50 00:03:18,560 --> 00:03:24,960 you can dim some of that usage and then re-enable that device a bit later. 51 00:03:24,970 --> 00:03:28,190 You can shift loads overtime, over seasons, 52 00:03:28,190 --> 00:03:32,340 and you could use it to flatten the load. 53 00:03:32,340 --> 00:03:35,290 These are all types of applications in the smart grid. 54 00:03:35,290 --> 00:03:36,580 Many more exist. 55 00:03:36,580 --> 00:03:43,380 But how do we discuss and design such a smart grid application in a way that the different 56 00:03:43,380 --> 00:03:48,040 actors -from the business level to the implementation level 57 00:03:48,040 --> 00:03:53,900 can jointly understand what is the smart grid application to be deployed. 58 00:03:54,260 --> 00:04:00,820 Well for this context the CEN, CENELEC and ETSI Standardization units have 59 00:04:00,830 --> 00:04:04,810 identified the smart grid reference architecture. 60 00:04:04,880 --> 00:04:12,060 This reference architecture is a kind of conceptual framework for discussing the applications 61 00:04:12,060 --> 00:04:17,220 in the smart grid with as major goal to allow interoperability. 62 00:04:17,220 --> 00:04:24,460 That means that you are able to deploy services on different devices from different manufacturers 63 00:04:24,460 --> 00:04:25,480 together. 64 00:04:25,540 --> 00:04:31,240 Interoperability has been defined by the IEC the international Electro Technical Commission 65 00:04:31,240 --> 00:04:37,120 in its standard 61/ 850, as being the ability for two or more devices 66 00:04:37,120 --> 00:04:43,430 from the same or different vendors to exchange information and to use that information for 67 00:04:43,430 --> 00:04:45,080 correct corporation. 68 00:04:45,080 --> 00:04:47,419 So effectively if you have a system from one manufacture 69 00:04:47,419 --> 00:04:50,199 and the other they need to speak the same language, 70 00:04:50,199 --> 00:04:57,059 they need to exchange information in order to implement an application. 71 00:04:57,059 --> 00:05:00,090 In the smart grids reference architecture model, 72 00:05:00,090 --> 00:05:06,990 this general IEC based center for interoperability which consisted of 8 different layers, 73 00:05:06,990 --> 00:05:10,490 has been simplified to 5 layers. 74 00:05:10,490 --> 00:05:11,490 You see them here: 75 00:05:11,490 --> 00:05:13,479 The Business Layer, The Function Layer, 76 00:05:13,479 --> 00:05:17,659 The Information Layer, The Communication Layer and The Component Layer. 77 00:05:17,660 --> 00:05:22,300 At the highest level the Business Layer and the lowest level the Component. 78 00:05:22,300 --> 00:05:28,930 It is about the interoperability between the different systems and those different levels. 79 00:05:28,930 --> 00:05:35,120 The smart grid reference architectural model is a 3D-model and one of the dimensions will be 80 00:05:35,120 --> 00:05:36,600 these different layers. 81 00:05:36,600 --> 00:05:43,220 Let’s first take a look at these different layers and then come back to the dimensions. 82 00:05:44,689 --> 00:05:49,209 At the business layer, we have a representation of the smart grid 83 00:05:49,209 --> 00:05:51,960 applications from a business perspective. 84 00:05:51,960 --> 00:05:55,699 Which information needs to be exchanged between the different actors? 85 00:05:55,699 --> 00:05:59,129 Which type of business models can be deployed? 86 00:05:59,129 --> 00:06:04,809 Which type of market information needs to be there in order to implement something. 87 00:06:04,809 --> 00:06:11,119 as well as you can draw the business processes in this context. 88 00:06:11,119 --> 00:06:14,999 If you look at the smart grid application from the business layer perspective, 89 00:06:15,000 --> 00:06:19,800 then it allows the business executives that have to do some decision making to talk about 90 00:06:19,809 --> 00:06:24,869 the business models without having to care about the practical implementations and the 91 00:06:24,869 --> 00:06:27,849 ’ nitty –griddy ‘details at the lowest levels. 92 00:06:28,980 --> 00:06:32,740 If you go one level below that, the function layer, 93 00:06:32,740 --> 00:06:38,069 we are talking about the functionality that is supported by the different smart grid applications. 94 00:06:38,069 --> 00:06:44,039 Which type of functions and services need to be implemented for a smart grid application 95 00:06:44,039 --> 00:06:45,449 to be operational? 96 00:06:45,449 --> 00:06:50,639 For instance, if you would like to deal with voltage problems, 97 00:06:50,639 --> 00:06:54,869 over-voltages under -voltages you need to provide a service that is able 98 00:06:54,869 --> 00:06:56,749 to react at the voltage level. 99 00:06:56,749 --> 00:07:01,849 Could be locally in a substation, could be done locally at the customer site. 100 00:07:01,849 --> 00:07:06,189 But somewhere this functionality has to be available. 101 00:07:06,189 --> 00:07:13,399 So independent of actors and physical implementations, the function layer allows to mention these 102 00:07:13,399 --> 00:07:19,180 functions and to deploy these services somewhere in the smart grid. 103 00:07:19,180 --> 00:07:23,919 So at that level of the function layer, you are able to draw the use cases that are 104 00:07:23,919 --> 00:07:26,339 needed for the smart grid algorithms. 105 00:07:27,180 --> 00:07:31,300 If you go one level below that, at the information layer, 106 00:07:31,300 --> 00:07:36,899 there we describe how the different functions and services will talk to each other. 107 00:07:36,899 --> 00:07:42,999 How the information needs to be represented by one actor when it is sent to the other actor. 108 00:07:43,000 --> 00:07:49,539 So in fact it contains the representation of the information objects and the data models 109 00:07:49,539 --> 00:07:51,009 underlying that. 110 00:07:51,009 --> 00:07:57,360 So that if one object, one actor sends particular value to anther 111 00:07:57,360 --> 00:08:01,960 object (or to another actor), that there is some meaning to the data. 112 00:08:01,960 --> 00:08:07,929 If the number 17 is sent from one to the other, the actors need to know where that represents 113 00:08:07,929 --> 00:08:10,969 active or reactive power, or energy, 114 00:08:10,969 --> 00:08:13,770 as well as the direction. 115 00:08:13,770 --> 00:08:17,369 In fact, providing information onto the data is the 116 00:08:17,369 --> 00:08:19,669 goal of the information layer. 117 00:08:19,669 --> 00:08:24,990 It represents semantics for the functions and the services at the higher level. 118 00:08:24,990 --> 00:08:31,150 It allows to define for the lower levels which type of information to be exchanged. 119 00:08:32,880 --> 00:08:36,380 If we go to the level of the Communication Layer, 120 00:08:36,390 --> 00:08:43,819 we are going more deep, towards the practical deployment, there we identify which type of mechanisms 121 00:08:43,819 --> 00:08:49,350 and protocols are used for exchanging the information between different actors. 122 00:08:49,350 --> 00:08:52,910 So in the communication layer, we identify 123 00:08:52,910 --> 00:08:59,449 based on the information model used above which type of communication infrastructure 124 00:08:59,449 --> 00:09:05,410 needs to be deployed for sending information from one actor to the other. 125 00:09:05,900 --> 00:09:08,440 This depends on the use case, the functionality, 126 00:09:08,449 --> 00:09:11,449 the service that is needed. 127 00:09:12,240 --> 00:09:14,779 Finally, at the component layer, 128 00:09:14,779 --> 00:09:18,149 we have the emphasis on the physical distribution of the components 129 00:09:18,149 --> 00:09:22,110 necessary for those algorithms in a grid context. 130 00:09:22,110 --> 00:09:28,389 So there we identify which type of the application, which part of the application, 131 00:09:28,389 --> 00:09:32,399 will be running on a sensor, or an actuator, 132 00:09:32,399 --> 00:09:35,639 in the substation, at the home appliance and the like. 133 00:09:35,639 --> 00:09:40,670 So basically, it identifies the system actors from the power 134 00:09:40,670 --> 00:09:42,920 system, from the applications, 135 00:09:42,920 --> 00:09:46,199 and how they are interacting at the level of components, 136 00:09:46,199 --> 00:09:51,659 at the level of the communication, at the level of computing and processing power. 137 00:09:52,480 --> 00:09:57,200 So if we have these dimensions summed up as different layers, 138 00:09:57,209 --> 00:10:01,560 we are able to talk about the smart grid applications. 139 00:10:01,560 --> 00:10:03,840 How are we going to deploy them? 140 00:10:03,850 --> 00:10:08,779 That is represented by the other two dimensions of the smart grid reference architectural model. 141 00:10:08,779 --> 00:10:12,490 These two dimensions are in the so called domains and zones. 142 00:10:12,490 --> 00:10:17,520 The domains that cover the generation, 143 00:10:17,520 --> 00:10:20,080 the transmission, the distribution, 144 00:10:20,080 --> 00:10:24,400 the distributed energy resources and the customer premises on one hand 145 00:10:24,400 --> 00:10:31,899 they allow to differentiate the different processes of the electricity generation towards 146 00:10:31,899 --> 00:10:34,220 end usage. 147 00:10:34,220 --> 00:10:36,649 Final dimension, the zones, 148 00:10:36,649 --> 00:10:43,649 is about the different levels from the process, the field level within the customer premises, 149 00:10:44,519 --> 00:10:47,379 all the way up towards the markets. 150 00:10:47,380 --> 00:10:50,640 And so if you go from process to field, to station, 151 00:10:50,649 --> 00:10:55,189 to operation level, you can go to the enterprise and the markets. 152 00:10:55,480 --> 00:10:58,200 Together we have the three dimensions the zones, 153 00:10:58,209 --> 00:11:02,970 the domains and the layers, that allow to represents the different smart 154 00:11:02,970 --> 00:11:08,589 grid applications visually so that the designers and the ones that have 155 00:11:08,589 --> 00:11:14,989 to deploy the system have a joint framework to discuss how to implement a particular smart 156 00:11:14,989 --> 00:11:16,160 grid application. 157 00:11:16,379 --> 00:11:20,610 And each one of them can do that in their own level; 158 00:11:20,610 --> 00:11:28,170 of a business perspective down to the physical implementation of communication protocols 159 00:11:28,170 --> 00:11:30,199 and the communication needs. 160 00:11:31,800 --> 00:11:40,280 Let’s take an example for the voltage control by controlling the reactive power. 161 00:11:40,290 --> 00:11:43,170 This is called Volt VAR Control. 162 00:11:43,170 --> 00:11:50,470 Voltage was controlled by the reactive power of distributed energy resources controlling 163 00:11:50,470 --> 00:11:53,339 that particular element. 164 00:11:53,339 --> 00:11:56,679 This is something which is typically described at the function layer. 165 00:11:56,680 --> 00:12:00,780 So there are a number of actors involved, a SCADA-system 166 00:12:00,790 --> 00:12:05,630 there are some distributed energy resources, there is some data acquisition that takes place. 167 00:12:06,080 --> 00:12:11,320 Somewhere the Volt VAR Control needs to be deployed. 168 00:12:11,329 --> 00:12:15,720 It can be deployed at the high level, at the level of the operation which is more 169 00:12:15,720 --> 00:12:19,040 or less within the distribution system operators premises. 170 00:12:19,240 --> 00:12:26,340 Or it can be deployed much closer to the end user at the field level (somewhere in the 171 00:12:26,350 --> 00:12:30,770 neighborhood of the renewable energy sources the wind power, 172 00:12:30,770 --> 00:12:36,850 the photovoltaic installation where the volt-var control is finally implemented. 173 00:12:37,720 --> 00:12:41,389 In the first case we have more kind of centralized approach. 174 00:12:41,389 --> 00:12:45,110 In the second case, we have a more distributed approach. 175 00:12:45,110 --> 00:12:49,399 So this concludes our lecture on the smart grid reference architecture model. 176 00:12:49,399 --> 00:12:55,689 We have introduced to you the 3D-model as a conceptual framework to describe a lot of 177 00:12:55,689 --> 00:12:57,580 smart grid applications. 178 00:12:57,580 --> 00:13:02,920 I hope you enjoyed the lecture and any of you have a questions please discuss them in the forum. 179 00:13:03,850 --> 00:13:04,810 Thank you!